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The second economy in the Soviet Union was the informal sector in the economy of the Soviet Union. The term was suggested by Gregory Grossman in his seminal article, ''The Second Economy of the USSR'' (1977).〔(Authority on Soviet economy, Gregory Grossman, passes away )〕 Economist Gerard Roland noted that as Grossman anticipated, "the logic of the second economy tended over time to undermine the logic of the command system and to lead to expanding black markets."〔 This prediction was corroborated by the long-term analysis of the economies of Russia and Ukraine, 1965-1989 by Treml and Alexeev.〔Vladimir G. Treml and Michael V. Alexeev, ("THE SECOND ECONOMY AND THE DESTABILIZING EFFECT OF ITS GROWTH ON THE STATE ECONOMY IN THE SOVIET UNION : 1965-1989" ), BERKELEY-DUKE OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON THE SECOND ECONOMY IN THE USSR, Paper No. 36, December 1993〕 To a varying degree, second ecomony influenced all Eastern Bloc economies. Grossman defines the concept of second economy with a two-prong test: it is the set of economic activities which satisfy at least one of the two conditions: "(a) being directly for private gain (b) being in some significant respect in knowing contravention of existing law ." 〔Gregory Grossman, "The Second Economy in the USSR," PROBLEMS OF COMMUNISM, 26, 5, September/October 1977, pp . 25-40〕 Studies of second, shadow, gray, etc. economies are difficult because, unlike official economies, there is no direct statistics, therefore indirect methods are required.〔 Treml and Alexeev studied the relationships between per capita legal money income and such income-dependent variables as per capita savings, and purchases of various goods and services. The study indicated that the disparity between legal income and legal spending gradually grew during 1965-1989, and by the end of the period the correlation between the two almost disappeared, indicating the rapid growth of the second economy.〔 The proliferation of the second economy in a state which was supposed to be totalitarian was impossible without widespread corruption. 〔M. Alexeev, ("The Russian Underground Economy in Transition" ), THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH, TITLE VIII PROGRAM, November 20, 1995〕 A significant impact on the economy of the Soviet Union was the system of ''blat'', a network of favors, which allowed people to procure all kinds of goods and services, operating within both official and second Soviet economies, and continued to operate in post-Soviet Russia.〔Alena V. Ledeneva, ''Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange'', 1998, 0521627435〕 Since the early days of the Soviet Union, there have been a tradition to exaggerate the blame of the "black market" for consumer goods shortages, thus effectively shifting the blame off state bureaucrats with their inadequate planning.〔 During the era of ''perestroika'', the 500 Days program of economic transition mentioned the shadow economy will be an important factor in reforms and predicted that at least 90% of it was to be absorbed by the opening free market.〔 ==See also== *Shortage economy 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second economy of the Soviet Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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